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UPSC • GS 1
1.2 History

Vedic Age — Early & Later Vedic Period

Vedic literature, Sapta-Sindhu geography, tribal polity, varna system, socio-economic evolution, and religion

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Q 1
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Vedic Age is generally associated with the period:

Q 2
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which is considered the earliest Vedic text?

Q 3
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The four Vedas are:

Q 4
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which Veda is primarily associated with melodies and chants?

Q 5
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which Veda is primarily associated with sacrificial formulae?

Q 6
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which Veda contains spells, charms and material related to everyday concerns?

Q 7
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following is the correct chronological order?

Q 8
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The language of the Vedic texts is primarily:

Q 9
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following are important categories of Vedic literature?

1. Samhitas
2. Brahmanas
3. Aranyakas
4. Upanishads
Q 10
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Brahmanas mainly deal with:

Q 11
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Aranyakas are generally associated with:

Q 12
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Upanishads are primarily associated with:

Q 13
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The geographical region associated most closely with the Rig Vedic people was:

Q 14
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Sapta-Sindhu" refers to:

Q 15
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which river is called "Naditama" in the Rigveda?

Q 16
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which river is most frequently mentioned in the Rigveda?

Q 17
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following rivers is comparatively less prominent in the Rigveda but becomes more important in later Vedic literature?

Q 18
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Battle of Ten Kings mentioned in the Rigveda was fought on the banks of:

Q 19
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Battle of Ten Kings is associated with the reign of:

Q 20
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Battle of Ten Kings is described in:

Q 21
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following rivers is correctly matched with its modern identification?

Q 22
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following rivers was known as Vitasta in Vedic literature?

Q 23
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which river was known as Vipas in Vedic literature?

Q 24
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which river was known as Sutudri?

Q 25
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The basic political unit of Rig Vedic society was primarily:

Q 26
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Jana" in Rig Vedic context generally refers to:

Q 27
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The head of the Rig Vedic political unit was generally called:

Q 28
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement about the Rig Vedic Rajan is correct?

Q 29
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following were important political assemblies in the Rig Vedic period?

Q 30
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following is generally considered the larger popular assembly?

Q 31
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Sabha in the Rig Vedic period was probably:

Q 32
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Vidatha" in the Rigveda is associated with:

Q 33
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement is most appropriate regarding Rig Vedic political organization?

Q 34
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was an important concern of the Rig Vedic Rajan?

Q 35
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Bali" in the Vedic context is associated with:

Q 36
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The basic social unit of Rig Vedic society was:

Q 37
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Rig Vedic society was primarily:

Q 38
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which animal was especially important in Rig Vedic economy and society?

Q 39
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Gavishti" in the Rig Vedic context is associated with:

Q 40
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement about women in Early Vedic society is most appropriate?

Q 41
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following women are associated with Vedic literature?

Q 42
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following statements about women in the Early Vedic period is correct?

Q 43
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following women is traditionally associated with a Rig Vedic hymn?

Q 44
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The family in Rig Vedic society was generally:

Q 45
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The earliest clear reference to the four-varna scheme occurs in:

Q 46
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following is NOT one of the four traditional varnas?

Q 47
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Purusha Sukta associates the Kshatriya with:

Q 48
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Purusha Sukta associates the Vaishya with:

Q 49
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Purusha Sukta associates the Shudra with:

Q 50
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. The four-varna system is mentioned in the Purusha Sukta.
2. Social divisions became more elaborate during the Later Vedic period.
3. The Rig Vedic social system was exactly identical to the later caste system.
Which are correct?
Q 51
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The most important measure of wealth in Rig Vedic society was:

Q 52
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Agriculture in the Rig Vedic period:

Q 53
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which crop is mentioned in the Rigveda?

Q 54
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which metal was known to the Rig Vedic people?

Q 55
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Ayas" in Vedic literature is associated with:

Q 56
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was NOT a major feature of the Early Vedic economy?

Q 57
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which deity is most frequently praised in the Rigveda?

Q 58
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Indra was primarily associated with:

Q 59
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Agni in Vedic religion was associated with:

Q 60
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which deity was particularly associated with cosmic and moral order?

Q 61
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Vedic concept of **Rita** refers to:

Q 62
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Soma in Vedic religion was:

Q 63
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which Vedic deity is associated with dawn?

Q 64
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which deity is associated with wind in Vedic literature?

Q 65
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement about Early Vedic religion is correct?

Q 66
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was an important feature of Vedic sacrifices?

Q 67
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Later Vedic period is generally associated with:

Q 68
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which region became increasingly important during the Later Vedic period?

Q 69
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The increasing use of which metal helped agricultural expansion in the Later Vedic period?

Q 70
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Iron is referred to in Later Vedic literature as:

Q 71
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following best describes the economic change from Early to Later Vedic society?

Q 72
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which crop became particularly important in the Later Vedic period?

Q 73
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which crop is associated with the Later Vedic agricultural economy?

Q 74
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Later Vedic period witnessed:

Q 75
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The term "Janapada" is more closely associated with:

Q 76
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following represents the political development from Early to Later Vedic times?

Q 77
Ancient History • Vedic Age

During the Later Vedic period, the power of the king:

Q 78
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which institutions declined in importance during the Later Vedic period?

Q 79
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Later Vedic king performed elaborate rituals partly to:

Q 80
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Ashvamedha sacrifice was associated with:

Q 81
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Rajasuya sacrifice was associated with:

Q 82
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Vajapeya sacrifice was associated with:

Q 83
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Later Vedic period saw increasing use of:

Q 84
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Compared with the Early Vedic period, the Later Vedic period witnessed:

Q 85
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which varna gained increasing social and ritual importance during the Later Vedic period?

Q 86
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which varna was associated primarily with political and military authority?

Q 87
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Vaishyas were primarily associated with:

Q 88
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Shudras were generally placed:

Q 89
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement about women in the Later Vedic period is generally correct?

Q 90
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which development contributed to greater social stratification in the Later Vedic period?

Q 91
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Compared with the Early Vedic period, Later Vedic religion witnessed:

Q 92
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which deities gained relatively greater importance in Later Vedic religious thought?

Q 93
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement about Indra during the Later Vedic period is correct?

Q 94
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The growing importance of Brahmanas in the Later Vedic period was closely linked to:

Q 95
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The traditional Vedic system of education was associated with:

Q 96
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Vedic knowledge was traditionally transmitted primarily through:

Q 97
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The elaborate oral preservation of the Vedas helped:

Q 98
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which concept is strongly associated with the Upanishads?

Q 99
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The Upanishadic shift in thought can broadly be described as:

Q 100
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following concepts is associated with Upanishadic thought?

Q 101
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The doctrine of rebirth became increasingly prominent in:

Q 102
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The ultimate goal discussed in several Upanishadic teachings is:

Q 103
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following correctly describes a major change from Early to Later Vedic society?

Q 104
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement correctly compares Early and Later Vedic political organization?

Q 105
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following correctly describes the change in the role of assemblies?

Q 106
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which development is characteristic of the Later Vedic period?

Q 107
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Q 108
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which statement best describes the transition from Early to Later Vedic society?

Q 109
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. The Rigveda is the oldest Vedic text.
2. Samaveda is mainly associated with melodies.
3. Yajurveda contains sacrificial formulae.
4. Atharvaveda contains charms and spells.
Which of the statements are correct?
Q 110
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. Early Vedic society was predominantly pastoral-agricultural.
2. Cattle were an important measure of wealth.
3. Agriculture was completely absent.
4. Barley was known.
Which are correct?
Q 111
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. Indra is one of the most prominent Rigvedic deities.
2. Agni is associated with sacrificial fire.
3. Varuna is associated with Rita.
4. Soma was both a deity and a ritual drink.
Which are correct?
Q 112
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. Sabha and Samiti are mentioned in the Rigveda.
2. Samiti was generally a broader assembly.
3. The king had unlimited absolute power.
4. Political organization was largely tribal.
Which are correct?
Q 113
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements about the Later Vedic period:

1. Agriculture became more important.
2. Iron use increased.
3. Territorial kingdoms became stronger.
4. Social stratification increased.
Which are correct?
Q 114
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. The Rigveda mentions the Battle of Ten Kings.
2. Sudas was associated with the Bharata tribe.
3. The battle took place near the Parushni River.
4. The battle was fought during the Mauryan period.
Which are correct?
Q 115
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. The Later Vedic period saw eastward expansion.
2. The Ganga-Yamuna region became increasingly important.
3. Iron technology facilitated forest clearance.
4. Agriculture declined sharply.
Which are correct?
Q 116
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Consider the following statements:

1. The Purusha Sukta mentions four varnas.
2. Social stratification became stronger during the Later Vedic period.
3. The caste system of modern India was fully developed during the Rig Vedic period.
Which are correct?
Q 117
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following developments is associated with the Later Vedic period?

1. Stronger kingship
2. Greater importance of agriculture
3. Increased social stratification
4. More elaborate sacrifices
Q 118
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The shift from the northwestern region toward the Ganga-Yamuna plains during the Later Vedic period was facilitated most significantly by:

Q 119
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following best explains the increasing power of the king in the Later Vedic period?

Q 120
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following best explains the growing importance of Brahmanas during the Later Vedic period?

Q 121
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following represents the most important economic transition during the Vedic period?

Q 122
Ancient History • Vedic Age

The rise of territorial kingdoms during the Later Vedic period was closely connected with:

Q 123
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following correctly represents the broad religious transition?

Q 124
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which development helped transform the Vedic society from predominantly tribal organization into territorial political units?

Q 125
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following statements best distinguishes "Jana" from "Janapada"?

Q 126
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following statements about the Vedic period is most accurate?

Q 127
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Q 128
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Q 129
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

Q 130
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Q 131
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was a characteristic of the Early Vedic period?

Q 132
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was more characteristic of the Later Vedic period?

Q 133
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following statements is correct regarding Vedic women?

Q 134
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following correctly represents the Vedic literary sequence?

Q 135
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following concepts is most closely associated with Varuna?

Q 136
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following was an important characteristic of Later Vedic agriculture?

Q 137
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following developments occurred during the Later Vedic period?

Q 138
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following is the best description of the Vedic Age?

Q 139
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following statements about Vedic sacrifices is correct?

Q 140
Ancient History • Vedic Age

Which of the following best explains why the Later Vedic period is important in Indian history?

High-Yield Vedic Age Revision Map

Comprehensive comparison between Early Vedic & Later Vedic eras, core literature, deities, and key institutions.

1. Early Vedic vs Later Vedic Comparison

#FeatureEarly VedicLater Vedic
1Main regionNorthwestern IndiaGanga-Yamuna region
2Political unitJana/tribeLarger territorial kingdoms
3KingLimited tribal chiefStronger monarch
4Sabha/SamitiImportantRelative decline
5EconomyPastoral + agricultureAgriculture increasingly dominant
6Main wealthCattleLand/agricultural surplus increasingly important
7Major cropBarleyRice increasingly important
8IronLimited/uncertainIncreasingly important
9SocietyComparatively less rigidMore stratified
10VarnaLess rigidMore pronounced
11WomenComparatively better positionPosition declined in several respects
12ReligionNature deities + sacrificeElaborate sacrifices + changing deity hierarchy
13BrahmanasLess dominantIncreasing influence
14PhilosophyEarly Vedic thoughtUpanishadic speculation develops

2. Vedic Literature — Must Remember

RigvedaHymns
SamavedaMusical chants
YajurvedaSacrificial formulae
AtharvavedaSpells, charms, everyday concerns
BrahmanasRitual explanations
AranyakasForest texts, ritual-philosophical ideas
UpanishadsPhilosophy, Atman, Brahman, Karma, Moksha

3. Important Vedic Deities

IndraWar, storms, victory
AgniFire, sacrifice
VarunaRita/cosmic order
SomaSacred drink + deity
UshasDawn
VayuWind
SuryaSun
PrajapatiGreater importance in Later Vedic period
VishnuIncreasing importance later
RudraIncreasing importance later

4. Important Vedic Terms

JanaTribe/community
RajanKing/chief
SabhaSmaller assembly
SamitiBroader assembly
VidathaEarly Vedic institution/assembly
BaliOffering/tribute
GavishtiSearch/struggle for cattle; associated with conflict
RitaCosmic/moral order
YavaBarley
Krishna/Shyama AyasDark/black metal, generally associated with iron in Later Vedic contexts
JanapadaTerritorial political unit

5. Important Royal Sacrifices

AshvamedhaRoyal sovereignty
RajasuyaRoyal consecration
VajapeyaRoyal status/prestige